Total knee Replacement
Disclaimer: This information is an educational resource only and should not be used to make a decision on total knee replacement or about arthritis management. All decisions about total knee replacement or about arthritis management must be made in conjunction with your surgeon or a licensed healthcare provider.
Introduction TO TOTAL Knee REPLACEMENT
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A severely damaged knee caused by arthritis or injury may make it difficult for you to perform simple activities such as walking or climbing stairs. You may even begin to feel pain while you are sitting or lying down.
If nonsurgical treatments like as analgesic pain relief, physiotherapy, walking supports, weight loss or steroid injections are no longer helpful, you may want to consider total knee replacement surgery.
A Total Knee Replacement or Total Knee Arthroplasty is a surgery that replaces an arthritic knee joint with artificial metal or plastic replacement parts called the ‘prostheses’.
A Total Knee Replacement is a safe and effective procedure to relieve pain, correct leg deformity, and help you resume normal activities.
Knee replacement surgery was first performed in 1968 and has become one of the most successful procedures in all of medicine.
Dr Bhimani usually recommends this procedure to older patients who suffer from pain and loss of function from arthritis and are no longer coping having already tried non-surgical methods of therapy.
Knee Anatomy
Normal knee anatomy. In a healthy knee, these structures work together to ensure smooth, natural function and movement.
knee Anatomy
The knee is the largest joint in the body and is made up of the lower end of the thighbone (femur), the upper end of the shinbone (tibia), and the kneecap (patella).The ends of these three bones where they touch are covered with articular cartilage, a smooth substance that protects the bones and enables them to move easily.
The menisci are located between the femur and tibia. These C-shaped wedges act as "shock absorbers" that cushion the joint. Large ligaments hold the femur and tibia together and provide stability. The long thigh muscles give the knee strength.
All remaining surfaces of the knee are covered by a thin lining called the synovial membrane. This membrane releases a fluid that lubricates the cartilage, reducing friction to nearly zero in a healthy knee.
Normally, all of these components work in harmony. But disease or injury can disrupt this harmony, resulting in pain, muscle weakness, and reduced function.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis often results in bone rubbing on bone. Bone spurs are a common feature of this form of arthritis.
causes of chronic knee pain
The most common cause of chronic knee pain and disability is arthritis. Although there are many types of arthritis, most knee pain is caused by just three types: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and post-traumatic arthritis.
Osteoarthritis: This is an age-related "wear and tear" type of arthritis. It usually occurs in people 50 years of age and older, but may occur in younger people, too. The cartilage that cushions the bones of the knee softens and wears away. The bones then rub against one another, causing knee pain and stiffness.
Rheumatoid arthritis: This is a disease in which the synovial membrane that surrounds the joint becomes inflamed and thickened. This chronic inflammation can damage the cartilage and eventually cause cartilage loss, pain, and stiffness. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common form of a group of disorders termed "inflammatory arthritis."
Post-traumatic arthritis: This can follow a serious knee injury. Fractures of the bones surrounding the knee or tears of the knee ligaments may damage the articular cartilage over time, causing knee pain and limiting knee function.
Other causes include:
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Trauma (fracture)
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Increased stress e.g., overuse, overweight, etc.
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Infection
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Connective tissue disorders
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Inactive lifestyle e.g., Obesity, as additional weight puts extra force through your joints which can lead to arthritis over a period of time
Before and After
(Left) Severe osteoarthritis. (Right) The arthritic cartilage and underlying bone has been removed and resurfaced with metal implants on the femur and tibia. A plastic spacer has been placed in between the implants. The patellar component is not shown for clarity.
CANDIDATES FOR SURGERY
Dr Bhimani will discuss with you the operative and non-operative options you have. However the decision to have total knee replacement surgery should always be yours in consultation with Dr Bhimani.
There are several reasons why Dr Bhimani may recommend knee replacement surgery. You may suffer from:
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Severe knee pain or stiffness that limits your everyday activities, including walking, climbing stairs, and getting in and out of chairs, and you may find it hard to walk more than a few blocks without significant pain and you may need to use a cane or walker.
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Moderate or severe knee pain while resting, either day or night.
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Chronic knee inflammation and swelling that does not improve with rest or medications.
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Knee deformity — a bowing in or out of your knee.
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Failure to substantially improve with non-surgical treatments such as anti-inflammatory medications, cortisone injections, lubricating injections, physical therapy, weight loss or other surgeries.
There are no absolute age or weight restrictions for total knee replacement surgery.
Dr Bhimani’s recommendations for surgery are based on a patient's pain and disability, not age.
Most patients who undergo total knee replacement are age 50 to 80, but Dr Bhimani evaluates patients individually. Total knee replacements have been performed successfully at all ages, from the young teenager with juvenile arthritis to the elderly patient with degenerative arthritis.
Blood Clots
Blood clots may form in one of the deep veins of the body. While blood clots can occur in any deep vein, they most commonly form in the veins of the pelvis , calf or thigh
ORTHOPAEDIC EVALUATION & DIAGNOSIS
An evaluation with Dr Bhimani consists of several components:
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A medical history: Dr Bhimani will gather information about your general health and ask you about the extent of your knee pain and your ability to function.
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A physical examination: Dr Bhimani will assess knee motion, stability, strength, and overall leg alignment.
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X-rays: These images help Dr Bhimani to determine the extent of damage and deformity in your knee.
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Other tests: Occasionally blood tests, or advanced imaging such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, may be needed by Dr Bhimani to determine the condition of the bone and soft tissues of your knee.
Dr Bhimani will review the results of your evaluation with you and discuss whether total knee replacement is the best method to relieve your pain and improve your function. Other treatment options — including medications, injections, physical therapy, or other types of surgery — will also be considered and discussed.
In addition, Dr Bhimani will explain the potential risks and complications of total knee replacement, including those related to the surgery itself and those that can occur over time after your surgery.
Never hesitate to ask Dr Bhimani questions. The more you know, the better you will be able to manage the changes that knee replacement surgery will make in your life.
Implants
Different types of knee implants are used to meet each patient's individual needs.
realistic expectations
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An important factor in deciding whether to have total knee replacement surgery is the understanding of what the procedure can and cannot do.
More than 90% of people who have total knee replacement surgery experience a dramatic reduction of knee pain and a significant improvement in the ability to perform common activities of daily living.
But total knee replacement will not allow you to do more than you could before you developed arthritis. With normal use and activity, every knee replacement implant begins to wear in its plastic spacer. Excessive activity or weight may speed up this normal wear and may cause the knee replacement to loosen and become painful.
Therefore, Dr Bhimani advises against high-impact activities such as running, jogging, jumping, or other high-impact sports for the rest of your life after surgery. Realistic activities following total knee replacement include unlimited walking, swimming, golf, driving, light hiking, biking, ballroom dancing, and other low-impact sports. With appropriate activity modification, knee replacements can last for many years.
Possible complications of surgery
The complication rate following total knee replacement is low. Serious complications, such as a knee joint infection, occur in fewer than 2% of patients. Major medical complications such as heart attack or stroke occur even less frequently. Chronic illnesses may increase the potential for complications. Although uncommon, when these complications occur, they can prolong or limit full recovery.
Discuss your concerns thoroughly with Dr Bhimani prior to surgery.
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Infection: Infection may occur in the wound or deep around the prosthesis. It may happen while in the hospital or after you go home. It may even occur years later. Minor infections in the wound area are generally treated with antibiotics. Major or deep infections may require more surgery and removal of the prosthesis. Any infection in your body can spread to your joint replacement.
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Blood clots: Blood clots in the leg veins are one of the most common complications of knee replacement surgery. These clots can be life-threatening if they break free and travel to your lungs. Dr Bhimani will outline a prevention program, which may include periodic elevation of your legs, lower leg exercises to increase circulation, support stockings, and medication to thin your blood.
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Implant problems: Although implant designs and materials, as well as surgical techniques, continue to advance, implant surfaces may wear down and the components may loosen. Additionally, although an average of 115° of motion is generally anticipated after surgery, scarring of the knee can occasionally occur, and motion may be more limited, particularly in patients with limited motion before surgery.
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Continued pain: A small number of patients continue to have pain after a knee replacement. This complication is rare, however, and the vast majority of patients experience excellent pain relief following knee replacement.
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Neurovascular injury: While rare, injury to the nerves or blood vessels around the knee can occur during surgery.
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Stiffness in the Knee: Ideally your knee should bend beyond 100 degrees but on occasion, the knee may not bend as well as expected. Sometimes manipulations are required. This means going to the operating room where the knee is bent for you and under anaesthetic.
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Wear: The plastic liner eventually wears out over time, usually 10 to 15 years and may need to be changed.
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Wound Irritation or Breakdown: The operation will always cut some skin nerves, so you will inevitably have some numbness around the wound. This does not affect the function of your joint. You can also get some aching around the scar. Vitamin E cream and massaging can help reduce this.
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Cosmetic Appearance: The knee may look different than it was because it is put into the correct alignment to allow proper function.
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Leg length inequality: This is also due to the fact that a corrected knee is more straight and is unavoidable.
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Dislocation: An extremely rare condition where the ends of the knee joint lose contact with each other or the plastic insert can lose contact with the tibia (shinbone) or the femur (thigh bone).
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Patella problems: Patella (knee cap) can dislocate. This means it moves out of place and it can break or loosen.
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Ligament injuries: There are a number of ligaments surrounding the knee. These ligaments can be torn during surgery or break or stretch out any time afterwards. Surgery may be required to correct this problem.
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Fractures or breaks: Fractures or breaks in the bone can occur during surgery or afterwards if you fall. To repair these, you may require surgery.
As with any major surgery, there are potential risks involved. The decision to proceed with the surgery is made because the advantages of surgery outweigh the potential disadvantages.
Total Knee Replacement
(Left) An x-ray of a severely arthritic knee. (Right) The x-ray appearance of a total knee replacement. Note that the plastic spacer inserted between the components does not show up in an x-ray.
​​preparing for surgery
Medical Evaluation
If you decide to have total knee replacement surgery, Dr Bhimani may ask you to schedule a complete physical examination with your family physician several weeks before the operation. This is needed to make sure you are healthy enough to have the surgery and complete the recovery process. Many patients with chronic medical conditions, like heart disease, may also be evaluated by a specialist, such as a cardiologist, before the surgery.
Tests
Several tests, such as blood and urine samples, and an electrocardiogram, may be needed to help Dr Bhimani plan your surgery.
Medications
Tell Dr Bhimani about the medications you are taking. Dr Bhimani will tell you which medications you should stop taking and which you should continue to take before surgery.
Dental Evaluation
Although the incidence of infection after knee replacement is very low, an infection can occur if bacteria enter your bloodstream. To reduce the risk of infection, major dental procedures (such as tooth extractions and periodontal work) should be completed before your total knee replacement surgery.
Urinary Evaluations
People with a history of recent or frequent urinary infections should have a urological evaluation before surgery. Older men with prostate disease should consider completing required treatment before undertaking knee replacement surgery.
Social Planning
Although you will be able to walk on crutches or a walker soon after surgery, you will need help for several weeks with such tasks as cooking, shopping, bathing, and doing laundry.
If you live alone, Dr Bhimani’s office, a social worker, or a discharge planner at the hospital can help you make advance arrangements to have someone assist you at home.
They also can help you arrange for a short stay in an extended care facility during your recovery, if this option works best for you.
Home Planning
Several modifications can make your home easier to navigate during your recovery.
The following items may help with daily activities:
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Safety bars or a secure handrail in your shower or bath
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Secure handrails along your stairways
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A stable chair for your early recovery with a firm seat cushion (and a height of 18 to 20 inches), a firm back, two arms, and a footstool for intermittent leg elevation
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A toilet seat riser with arms, if you have a low toilet
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A stable shower bench or chair for bathing
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Removing all loose carpets and cords
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A temporary living space on the same floor because walking up or down stairs will be more difficult during your early recovery
​​surgery​
You will most likely be admitted to the hospital on the day of your surgery. Each knee is individual and knee replacements take this into account by having different sizes for your knee. If there is more than the usual amount of bone loss, sometimes extra pieces of metal or bone are added. Surgery is performed under sterile conditions in the operating room under spinal or general anesthesia.
Anesthesia
After admission, you will be evaluated by a member of the anesthesia team. The most common types of anesthesia are general anesthesia (you are put to sleep) or spinal, epidural, or regional nerve block anesthesia (you are awake but your body is numb from the waist down). The anesthesia team, with your input, will determine which type of anesthesia will be best for you.
Procedure
The procedure itself takes approximately 1 to 2 hours. Dr Bhimani will remove the damaged cartilage and bone, and then position the new metal and plastic implants to restore the alignment and function of your knee.
After surgery, you will be moved to the recovery room, where you will remain for several hours while your recovery from anesthesia is monitored. After you wake up, you will be taken to your hospital room.
POST SURGERY HOSPITAL STAY
You will most likely stay in the hospital for several days. When you wake, you will be in the recovery room with intravenous drips in your arm, a tube (catheter) in your bladder and a number of other monitors to check your vital observations.
Pain Management
After surgery, you will feel some pain. This is a natural part of the healing process. Dr Bhimani and nurses will work to reduce your pain, which can help you recover from surgery faster.
Medications are often prescribed for short-term pain relief after surgery. Many types of medicines are available to help manage pain, including opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and local anaesthetics. Dr Bhimani may use a combination of these medications to improve pain relief, as well as minimize the need for opioids.
Be aware that although opioids help relieve pain after surgery, they are a narcotic and can be addictive. Talk to Dr Bhimani if your pain has not begun to improve within a few days of your surgery.
Blood Clot Prevention
Dr Bhimani may prescribe one or more measures to prevent blood clots and decrease leg swelling. These may include special support hose, inflatable leg coverings (compression boots), and blood thinners.
Foot and ankle movement also is encouraged immediately following surgery to increase blood flow in your leg muscles to help prevent leg swelling and blood clots.
Physical Therapy
Most patients begin exercising their knee the day after surgery. In some cases, patients begin moving their knee on the actual day of surgery. A physical therapist will teach you specific exercises to strengthen your leg and restore knee movement to allow walking and other normal daily activities soon after your surgery.
Preventing Pneumonia
It is common for patients to have shallow breathing in the early postoperative period. This is usually due to the effects of anesthesia, pain medications, and increased time spent in bed. This shallow breathing can lead to a partial collapse of the lungs (termed "atelectasis") which can make patients susceptible to pneumonia. To help prevent this, it is important to take frequent deep breaths. Your nurse may provide a simple breathing apparatus called a spirometer to encourage you to take deep breaths.
REcovery at home
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The success of your surgery will depend largely on how well you follow Dr Bhimani’s instructions at home during the first few weeks after surgery.
Wound Care
You will have stitches or staples running along your wound or a suture beneath your skin on the front of your knee. The stitches or staples will be removed several weeks after surgery. A suture beneath your skin will not require removal.
Avoid soaking the wound in water until it has thoroughly sealed and dried. You may continue to bandage the wound to prevent irritation from clothing or support stockings.
Diet
Some loss of appetite is common for several weeks after surgery. A balanced diet, often with an iron supplement, is important to help your wound heal and to restore muscle strength.
Activity
Exercise is a critical component of home care, particularly during the first few weeks after surgery. You should be able to resume most normal activities of daily living within 3 to 6 weeks following surgery. Some pain with activity and at night is common for several weeks after surgery.
Your activity program should include:
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A graduated walking program to slowly increase your mobility, initially in your home and later outside
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Resuming other normal household activities, such as sitting, standing, and climbing stairs
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Specific exercises several times a day to restore movement and strengthen your knee. You probably will be able to perform the exercises without help, but you may have a physical therapist help you at home or in a therapy centre the first few weeks after surgery.
You will most likely be able to resume driving when your knee bends enough that you can enter and sit comfortably in your car, and when your muscle control provides adequate reaction time for braking and acceleration. Most people resume driving approximately 4 to 6 weeks after surgery.
avoiding problems after surgery
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Blood Clot Prevention
Follow Dr Bhimani’s instructions carefully to reduce the risk of blood clots developing during the first several weeks of your recovery. Dr Bhimani may recommend that you continue taking the blood thinning medication you started in the hospital.
Notify your doctor immediately if you develop any of the following warning signs.
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Increasing pain in your calf
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Tenderness or redness above or below your knee
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New or increasing swelling in your calf, ankle, and foot
Warning signs of pulmonary embolism. The warning signs that a blood clot has traveled to your lung include:
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Sudden shortness of breath
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Sudden onset of chest pain
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Localized chest pain with coughing
Preventing Infection
A common cause of infection following total knee replacement surgery is from bacteria that enter the bloodstream during dental procedures, urinary tract infections, or skin infections. These bacteria can lodge around your knee replacement and cause an infection.
Notify Dr Bhimani immediately if you develop any of the following signs of a possible knee replacement infection:
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Persistent fever (higher than 100°F orally)
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Shaking chills
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Increasing redness, tenderness, or swelling of the knee wound
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Drainage from the knee wound
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Increasing knee pain with both activity and rest
Avoiding Falls
A fall during the first few weeks after surgery can damage your new knee and may result in a need for further surgery. Stairs are a particular hazard until your knee is strong and mobile. You should use a cane, crutches, a walker, hand rails, or have someone to help you until you have improved your balance, flexibility, and strength.
results of total knee replacement
Improvement of knee motion is a goal of total knee replacement, but the restoration of full motion is uncommon. The motion of your knee replacement after surgery can be predicted by the range of motion you have in your knee before surgery. Most patients can expect to be able to almost fully straighten the replaced knee and to bend the knee sufficiently to climb stairs and get in and out of a car. Kneeling is sometimes uncomfortable, but it is not harmful.
Most people feel some numbness in the skin around your incision. You also may feel some stiffness, particularly with excessive bending activities.
Most people also feel or hear some clicking of the metal and plastic with knee bending or walking. This is normal. These differences often diminish with time and most patients find them to be tolerable when compared with the pain and limited function they experienced prior to surgery.
Your new knee may activate metal detectors required for security in airports and some buildings. Tell the security agent about your knee replacement if the alarm is activated.
Protecting Your Knee Replacement
After surgery, make sure you also do the following:
Participate in regular light exercise programs to maintain proper strength and mobility of your new knee.
Take special precautions to avoid falls and injuries. If you break a bone in your leg, you may require more surgery.
Make sure your dentist knows that you have a knee replacement. Talk with Dr Bhimani about whether you need to take antibiotics prior to dental procedures.
See Dr Bhimani periodically for a routine follow-up examination and x-rays, usually once a year.
Extending the Life of Your Knee Implant
Currently, more than 90% of modern total knee replacements are still functioning well 15 years after the surgery. Following Dr Bhimani’s instructions after surgery and taking care to protect your knee replacement and your general health are important ways you can contribute to the final success of your surgery.
OUTCOME​
The vast majority of Dr Bhimani’s patients who undergo total knee replacement surgery experience favourable long-term outcomes including relief from pain and increased stability and function.
Complete pain relief and restoration of function are not always achievable, and some patients may still experience pain or knee stiffness following revision surgery.
Surgery is not a pleasant prospect for anyone, but for some people with arthritis, it could mean the difference between leading a happier normal life or putting up with a debilitating pain and immobility.
Dr Bhimani believes that surgery should only be considered once non-operative treatment has failed and that the decision to have surgery should be a considered one. Although most people are extremely happy with their new knee, complications can occur. It is important you understand these potential complications and if you have any questions to speak with Dr Bhimani.
If you are undecided, it is best to wait until you are sure this is the procedure for you.